FIG. 28.  Approximation to the formant transitions for the CVC syllable [bId] (bottom panel) was derived in terms of a model (top panels) that takes into account the average vowel formant positions (dashed lines) and incremental perturbations due to each consonant (solid lines), after Broad and Fertig (1970). At least for the vowel / I /, the data suggest that formant motions can be additively decomposed into (1) an underlying vowel target, (2) a transition associated with the prevocalic consonant, and (3) a transition associated with the postvocalic consonant.