HASKINS LABORATORIES
(1939) 305 East 43rd Street, New York, NY
(1969) 270 Crown Street, New Haven, CT 06511
CONTENTS:
HISTORY
GENERAL/SURVEYS
RESEARCH PROGRAM
READING MACHINE FOR THE BLIND (1944- )
PATTERN PLAYBACK SYNTHESIZER (1949-1960s)
OCTOPUS FORMANT SYNTHESIZER (1954-1858)
VOBACK, A VODER-TYPE SYNTHESIZER (1956-1964)
COMPUTER-CONTROLLED ANALOG RESONANCE SYNTHESIZER (1964-1980)
BIOGRAPHIES
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HISTORY
1985 I. Mattingly, poem on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of
Haskins Laboratories. Humorous review of the work of Haskins
Laboratories. Synthesized on a DECtalk 3.0, 1985 (see SSSHP
USA DEC file).
SSSHP 92.4 Tape: "MIT - DEMO TAPE 2, 10/90"
(syn, 3:45 min: "Poem for the 50th anniversary of the
... here at Haskins.")
7" reel, 7.5 ips, good quality, copy of Klatt MIT tape
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GENERAL/SURVEYS
1950 Cooper, F.S., "Spectrum analysis", J. Acoust Soc Amer, 22,
761-762 (1950). (I)
1961 Liberman, A.M., K.S. Harris, J.A. Kinney, and H. Lane, "The
discrimination of relative onset-time of the components of
certain speech and nonspeech patterns", J. Ex. Psych.,
61.379-388. (I) Studies of differences between perception
of speech and non-speech signals.
1962 Cooper, F.S., "Speech synthesizers", Proc. 4th Int. Congr.
Phonetic Sci., Helsinki, 4.3-13 (1961). (I) General
discussions of speech synthesis.
1967 Mattingly, Ignatius G., "Speech Synthesis by Rule as a
Research Technique", invited paper at the 73rd Meeting of
the Acoustical Society of America, New York City, 19-22
April 1967. (copy in SSSHP USA Haskins Lab file)
1967 Liberman, A.M., F.S. Cooper, D.P. Shankweiler, and
M. Studdert-Kennedy, "Perception of the speech code", Psych
Review, 74, 431-461 (1967). (I,K) Encoded nature of speech.
1970 Abramson, A.S., and L. Lisker, "Laryngeal behavior, the
speech signal and phonological simplicity", Actes du Xe
Congres International des Linguistes, 4, 123-129 (1970). (I)
1972 Cooper, F.S., "Some reminiscences on speech research",
plastic soundsheet in the IEEE Trans. A&E, Au-21.3, June
1973. Remarks by F.S. Cooper on the occasion of his
receiving the 1972 Award of Pioneer in Speech Communication
from the IEEE Audio and Electroacoustics Group.
Reminiscences of the development of speech synthesis.
Soundsheet contains samples of synthetic speech of Haskins
and other laboratories.
SSSHP 83 Tape: "Some Reminiscences on Speech Research," F.S.
Cooper, 4/25/72, '72 SCP".
Cassette, some stylus noise, copy of soundsheet
1974 Mattingly, I.G., "Speech Synthesis for Phonetic and
Phonological Models", CURRENT TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS, T.A.
Sebeok, Ed., Vol 12, Mouton, the Hague, 1974. Online,
this site. One of the three sources for the SSSHP outlines.
Reference "(I)" in the outlines.
1984 Cooper, F.S., J.H. Gaitenby, and P.W. Nye, "Evolution of
reading machines for the blind: Haskins Laboratories'
research as a case history," J. Rehab. Research and Dev.
21, 51-87 (1984). Summary of text-to-speech research from
mid 1950s to mid 1970s. Text-to-speech funding lapsed. (K)
(for additional General/Survey papers, see SSSHP USA Haskins
Laboratories file)
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
"The nature of speech, its perception, and its uses in human
communication have long been a major research interest of the
Haskins Laboratories. The work on speech had its origins in the
practical problem of devising an efficient acoustic code for use
in reading machines for blinded veterans. This led to a single
answer -- speech -- and to a very deep question: what are the
special properties of the code, and of the perceptual mechanisms,
that make the sounds of speech so distinctive and spoken
communication so effective?
The initial phases of the research were aimed at finding out what
one listens for in understanding what was said. The use of
synthetic speech, made from simplified sound spectrograms, proved
to be a powerful research tool; it led to isolating and
cataloging those minimal aspects of the pattern -- the acoustic
cues -- that carry most of the identifying information. the
practical value of such information is obvious: it shows what
must be preserved and what can be thrown away, and so has served
as a guide to research on bandwidth compression and speech
recognition in a number of laboratories, including our own; it
shows also how to generate synthetic speech by rule, given only
the desired phonemic sequence, and has been so used, here and
elsewhere."
STATUS REPORT ON SPEECH RESEARCH, SR-1, Haskins
Laboratories, page 1.1, February, 1965
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PROJECT: READING MACHINE FOR THE BLIND (1944 - )
"First attempts to provide an auditorily understandable
representation of print by photoelectrically scanning the text
and feeding the signal directly to a pair of earphones worked
only at a slow rate, approximately one tenth that of speaking.
Before commercial versions were available, F.S. Cooper built a
spectrum analyzer (based on the Bell Telephone Laboratories'
sound spectrograph) which produced spectrograms on photographic
film. He also constructed the Pattern Playback to convert speech
spectrograms back into speech." (PWN)
To get beyond the limitations of these simple text to sound
techniques, Haskins Laboratories embarked on an investigation of
speech synthesis and speech perception that continued for some
three and a half decades. Although another company (see SSSHP USA
Kurzweil file) was destined to produce the first successful
Reading Machine for the Blind, their techniques, and all other
techniques based on synthesis by rule, owe their beginnings to
the Haskins work. Haskins was among the first to demonstrate
that text to speech synthesis might be possible. The following
synthesis projects show the evolution in laboratory techniques
for converting stylized patterns to sound.
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PROJECT: PATTERN PLAYBACK SYNTHESIZER (1949-1960s)
"A circular glass disk on which 50 annular tracts have been
photographically inscribed, intercepts a slit-shaped light beam
and breaks it into a flat comb of 50 rays, the first ray is
modulated at 120 Hz and the others at progressively higher
harmonics. The comb then falls on a moving transparent acetate
belt or film containing a spectrum or a hand-painted pattern.
After reflection or transmission at the belt, the rays are
collected by a photocell and converted into sound.
Photographically-produced sound spectrograms of human speech can
be reproduced in transmission mode and hand-painted patterns play
in reflection mode. The Pattern Playback produces a monotone
output and was used extensively to identify the acoustic cues of
speech until it was displaced by a computer-driven synthesizer
built in the mid 1960s." (PWN)
1949 The first utterance produced by the Pattern Playback, circa
1949.
SSSHP 66.1 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "Eat at Joe's.")
7"reel, good quality
1950 Cooper, F.S., A.M. Liberman, and J.M. Borst, "The
interconversion of audible and visible patterns as a basis
for research in the perception of speech", Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci., 37, 318-325 (1951) (B.K) Pattern playback description.
Sample of synthetic versions of Harvard sentences recorded
circa 1950.
SSSHP 66.2 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "The gift of speech was denied the poor child.
Never kill a snake with your bare hands.")
7"reel, good quality
Cooper, F.S., "______ ? ______", paper given at the National
Academy of Sciences, October 10, 1950.
SSSHP 66.3 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "Many are taught to breath through the nose. A
large size of stockings is hard to sell. Ba, da, ga.")
7"reel, good quality
Typical Pattern Playback synthesis of this period included three
methods, illustrated by the following samples. First is
transmission through a transparent (photographic film)
spectrogram of natural speech. Second is reflection from a
carefully painted copy of a natural spectrogram. Third is
reflection from a hand-painted simplified spectrogram. (PWN)
SSSHP 66.4 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 3 var, x2: "Never kill a snake")
7"reel, good quality
1952 Cooper, F.S., P.C. Delattre, A.M. Liberman, J.M. Borst, and
L.J. Gerstman, "Some experiments on the perception of
synthetic speech sounds", J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 24, 597-606
(1952) (B,K) CV perception.
1953 Four other sentences produced by the Pattern Playback
SSSHP 66.5 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "These days a chicken leg is a rare dish. It's
easy to tell the depth of a well. Four hours of steady
work faced us. A large size of stockings is hard to
sell.")
7"reel, good quality
SSSHP 32.2 Tape: Demo to accompany "Review of Text-to-speech
conversion for English," D.H. Klatt, JASA 82.3, 9/87.
( 4 sen: "These days a chicken ... is hard to sell.")
Cassette, Klatt MIT A/D and D/A
1954 Liberman, A.M., P.C. Delattre, F.S. Cooper, and L.J.
Gerstman, "The role of consonant-vowel transitions in the
perception of stop and nasal consonants," Psych. Monographs,
68, 1-13 (1954).
SSSHP 66.6 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "Ba, da, ga. Pa, ta, ka. Am, an, ang. Ba, pa,
am.")
7"reel, good quality
1955 Delattre, P., A.M. Liberman, and F.S. Cooper, "Acoustic loci
and transitional cues for consonants," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.
27, 769-774 (1955). Locus theory for CV syllables. (K)
As the characteristics of the "acoustic cues", the elements of
speech sounds that convey intelligibility, became better understood,
it was possible to construct synthetic speech by rule. "The
following two sentences were synthesized by Pierre Delattre using
rules that he knew but had not, at that time, attempted to make
explicit." (PWN)
SSSHP 66.7 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn: "Oh my aching back. A big bad man demanding
money can kill you, bang bang.")
7"reel, good quality
1957 The musical composition "Scotch Plaid" composed by Pierre
Delattre and played on the Pattern Playback.
SSSHP 66.8 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, music Scotch Plaid)
7"reel, good quality
1957 Liberman, A.M., K.S. Harris, H.S. Hoffman, and B.C.
Griffith, "The discrimination of speech sounds within and
across phoneme boundaries", J. Exp. Psychol., 53, 358-368,
(1957). (I)
SSSHP 66.9 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 13 CV's: "Bae,..., dae,..., gae")
7"reel, good quality
1959 Liberman, A.M., F. Ingemann, L. Lisker, P. Delattre, and
F.S. Cooper, "Minimal rules for synthesizing speech", J.
Acoust. Soc. Amer., 31, 1490-1499 (1959). (B,K)
SSSHP 66.10 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye".
Synthesis by F. Ingemann.
(syn: "I synthesized this by rule without looking at
a spectrogram. Can you understand it?")
7"reel, good quality
SSSHP 32.15 Tape: Demo to accompany "Review of Text-to-speech
conversion for English," D.H. Klatt, JASA 82.3, 9/87.
Synthesis by P. Delattre.
(syn: "I painted this by rule without looking at a
spectrogram. Can you understand it?")
Cassette, Klatt MIT A/D and D/A
ARTIFACT: The Pattern Playback is currently at Haskins
Laboratories, in working condition. See SSSHP USA
Haskins file for details.
A second model of the Pattern Playback was operated at the
University of Colorado by Pierre Delattre, later moved to Andre
Malecot's laboratory at the Univ. of California at Santa Barbara,
and eventually dismantled and lost (see communication with Dr. A.
Malecot, 11/16/88, SSSHP USA Haskins file).
SSSHP 15 Tape: "Telephone Interviews - H. D. Maxey", 11/16/88
(Interview with Andre Malecot on Pierre Delattre's
professional history.)
Cassette.
1961 Visit by R.M. Walker and H.D. Maxey of the IBM Research
Laboratory, San Jose CA, to Pierre Delattre's laboratory.
Synthesis by rule by Delattre on the second model of
Pattern Playback.
SSSHP 124 Tape: "Prof. Delattre's Pattern Playback Examples,
8/4/61." (Maxey Tape T61.6)
(syn: tones, vowels, CVs, "My name is Brownie. An old
Arab ate an apple.")
4" reel, 7.5 ips.
1961 Visit by Pierre Delattre to the IBM Research Laboratory, San
Jose, CA. Recorded lecture on acoustic cues and locii theory.
SSSHP 121 Tape: "Dr. Delattre's talk on cues, 11/17/61," Parts
1 and 2. (Maxey Tape T61.3)
SSSHP 122 Tape: "Dr. Delattre's talk on cues, 11/17/61," Parts
3 and 4. (Maxey Tape T61.4)
7" reels, 3-3/4 inch/sec, 3 hr - 27 min, good quality
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PROJECT: OCTOPUS FORMANT SYNTHESIZER (1954 - 1958)
"The OCTOPUS consisted of three formant generators connected in
parallel. Each generator could be excited by a pulse train or by
white noise, or by both simultaneously. The exciting signals were
amplitude modulated before being applied to the formant
generators. Control voltages varied the excitation amplitude,
formant frequencies and the frequency of the pulse train. The
control voltages at eight consecutive instants were preset by
potentiometers. A multipole stepping switch applied the voltages
in the proper order at rates of change determined by the time
constants of adjustable RC circuits." (PWN)
This instrument was built to save labor in painting the many
patterns for the Pattern Playback, which often varied in but one
detail. In the OCTOPUS, the synthesizer control voltages could be
modified by changing potentiometer settings. The simple function
generator limited the utterances to single words or syllables.
1956 Borst, J.M., "The use of spectrograms for speech analysis
and synthesis," J. Audio Engineering Soc., Vol. 4, 14-23,
1956. Description of Pattern Playback, Locus theory, OCTOPUS
vacuum tube synthesizer electronic circuits.
SSSHP 66.11 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye".
Synthesis by Andre Malecot in 1958.
(syn, x2: "Box, socks, sacks, sack, sash, gash, gas,
guess, yes.")
7"reel, good quality
SSSHP 66.12 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye". Last
words of the Octopus, 1958.
(syn: "No comment.")
7"reel
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PROJECT: VOBACK, A VODER-TYPE SYNTHESIZER (1956 - 1964)
"A photoelectrically controlled Vocoder developed at Haskins
Laboratories and based on a BTL report (see L.O. Schott, "A
playback for visible speech," Bell. Tel. Lab. Rec., 26, 333-339,
1948). Hand painted spectrographic patterns provided control
voltages that modulated buzz or hiss signals flowing through the
channels of an 18-channel Vocoder. Two additional controls were
added to the top of the pattern: one selected voice-like or
friction-like excitation and the other controlled voice pitch by
means of a hill-and-dale pattern. A related device called the
"Intonator" permitted arbitrary manipulation of the pitch of real
speech supplied to a vocoder analyzer by a magnetic tape loop.
The tape ran in step with a variable area pitch-control tape and
reference spectrogram. A third device, called the "Amplituder,"
provided instant-by-instant control over output level." (PWN)
1957 Borst, J.M. and F.S. Cooper, "Speech research devices based
on a channel vocoder", JASA 29, 777(A), 1957.
SSSHP 66.13 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye".
Synthesis by Pierre Delattre, 1957.
(syn, 2 rates: "Alexander's an intelligent
conversationalist."
7"reel, good quality
ARTIFACTS:
SSSHP 74 Plastic Belts. Three 6"x24" plastic control belts,
circa 1959.
SSSHP 85 Plastic Belt. Voback transparent belt with black
tape for Intonator, for making rises and falls at
various rates, of the fundamental, an octave each
time. Circa 1959.
1960 Extract from a demonstration tape made for the 4th
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Helsinki 1961.
SSSHP 66.14 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, x2: "Fa, tha, sa, sha. Sha dza cha dza.")
7"reel
"A Speech Stretcher, based on the same 18-channel Vocoder
synthesizer, was developed for use in making slow-motion x-ray
movies of the articulators with synchronous speech stretched to
match the pictures. The stretching (and synchronization) were
achieved by recording and replaying the vocoder control voltages
(and timing signals) on a multi-speed 22-track tape recorder."
(PWN)
1963 Abramson, A.S., and F.S. Cooper, "Slow-motion x-ray
pictures with stretched speech as a research tool," J.
Acoust. Soc. Amer., 35, 1888-1889 (A), (1963).
SSSHP 66.15 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
Original human speech followed by Voback output with
modified intonation or speed.
(Am. English, human/syn with different intonation:
"Wouldn't you like to know. The play ended happily.")
(Thai, human/syn with different intonation: "Nau ...")
(Am. English, human/syn at slower speed: "Solar
photography is ... only star.")
7"reel, good quality
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PROJECT: COMPUTER-CONTROLLED ANALOG RESONANCE SYNTHESIZER
(1964 - 1980)
"A parallel formant synthesizer designed by F.S. Cooper and R.
Epstein consisting of three formant resonators, a buzz source, a
hiss source, associated fricative filters and a mixer. Control
voltages independently varied formant frequencies, amplitudes and
bandwidths and selected appropriate fricative shaping. The device
was attached to a Honeywell DDP-224 digital computer which
updated two 24 bit output registers at 4-10 ms. intervals (40
bits were required to update all control parameters). I.G.
Mattingly based his synthesis by rule program for the DDP-224
computer on his earlier work at the Joint Speech Research Unit,
Eastcote, UK in 1963-64 with J. Holmes and J. Shearme." (PWN)
1965 Epstein, R., "A transistorized formant-type synthesizer,"
Status Report on Speech Research, SR-1, Haskins
Laboratories, 7.1-7.6, (1965). (see SSSHP USA Haskins Labs
file)
1967 Gaitenby, J.H., "Rules for word stress analysis: for
conversion of print to synthetic speech," J. Acoust. Soc.
Amer., 42, 1182(A), (1967).
SSSHP 66.16 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 6 sen: "There are many books of Christmas stories
... used in this demonstration.")
7"reel, good quality
1967 Mattingly, I.G., "Experimental methods for speech synthesis
by rule", (1) 1967 Conf. on Speech Communication and
Processing, MIT, Cambridge, MA, Nov 6-8, 1967. (2) IEEE
Trans. Audio and Electro., AU-16/2, June 1968, 198-202. (I,K)
The Conference included the following survey tape of various
speech processing techniques, compiled by AFCRL (see SSSHP
USA AFCRL file.)
SSSHP 81.7b Tape: "SPEECH ANALYSIS/SYNTHESIS DEMONSTRATION,
COPY NO. 2-9, T 67.2".
(syn, 13 sen: "He took a walk every morning. ...
We've changed the measures. If you receive a malicious
or ... telephone business office.")
7" reel, 7.5 ips, good quality, IBM's copy of master
Haggard, M.P., and I.G. Mattingly, "A simple program for
synthesizing British English", IEEE Trans. Audio and
Electro., 16/1 95-99 (1968). (I)
SSSHP 81.7c Tape: "SPEECH ANALYSIS/SYNTHESIS DEMONSTRATION,
COPY NO. 2-9, T 67.2". Examples by M. Haggard.
(syn, 23 sec: "Speech is extraordinarily resistant to
... phonetic description."; 19 sen: "He took a walk
every morning. ... We've changed the measures.")
7" reel, 7.5 ips, good quality, IBM's copy of master
1968 Mattingly, I.G., "Synthesis by rule of General American
English", Ph.D. Thesis, and published as a "Supplement to
Status Report on Speech Research," Haskins Laboratories, New
York/New Haven CN, 1-223 (1968). (I,K) Demonstration tape
to illustrate the Ph.D. thesis.
SSSHP 66.17 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 3:59 min: "You are listening to speech ...,";
phonemes; stress and intonation; single and
poly-syllable words and phrases; "Give me a breath of
fresh air. ... A bird in the hand is worth ... Ignatius
Mattingly.")
7"reel
SSSHP 32.20 Tape: Demo to accompany "Review of Text-to-speech
conversion for English," D.H. Klatt, JASA 82.3, 9/87.
(4 sen: "You are listening to speech ... heard
immediately.")
Cassette, Klatt MIT A/D and D/A
1969 Cooper, F.S., J.H. Gaitenby, I.G. Mattingly, and N. Umeda,
"Reading aids for the blind: a special case of
machine-to-man communication", IEEE Trans. on Audio and
Electro., Vol AU-17/4, December 1969, 266-270. Presented at
IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, Boulder CO, June 9-11,
1969. (I) Umeda parsing procedure with Mattingly
synthesis-by-rule. First passage was synthesized by art
using hand selected phonetics, stress, etc.; the second
passage was synthesized entirely by rule.
SSSHP 66.18 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn by art, 6 sen: "The North Wind and the Sun were
arguing ... Sun was the stronger of the two.")
(syn by rule, 10 sen, 1:22 min: "Some Early Research in
Animal Communication, by Mark Twain. ... for a
word.")
7"reel, good quality
SSSHP 32.26 Tape: Demo to accompany "Review of Text-to-speech
conversion for English," D.H. Klatt, JASA 82.3, 9/87.
(6 sen: "Early Research in Animal Communication, by Mark
Twain. Animals ... he told me so himself.")
Cassette, Klatt MIT A/D and D/A
1971 Cooper, F.S., "Progress toward a reading machine for the
blind", on tape, "THE HUMAN VOICE AND THE COMPUTER, IEEE
SOUNDINGS, No. 70-S-04, Ed. by Dr. Walter R. Beam, Aug 1,
1971". Commercial cassette of expert discussion.
SSSHP 82.3 Tape: "THE HUMAN VOICE AND THE COMPUTER, IEEE
SOUNDINGS, Aug 1971". Phonetic input to formant
synthesizer, Mattingly rules for synthesis. Speaking
rate increases from 130 to 220 words/min. Same as SSSHP
66.18.
(syn, 6 sen:"The North Wind and the Sun were ... the
stronger of the two.")
Commercial cassette, fair quality
SSSHP 82.3 Tape: "THE HUMAN VOICE AND THE COMPUTER, IEEE
SOUNDINGS, Aug 1971". Simulation of automatic
text-to-speech. Manual lookup of dictionary
pronunciation, juncture and stress by N. Umeda
algorithms, and computer synthesis using Mattingly
rules. Same as SSSHP 66.18.
(syn, 10 sen: "Summary of research in animal
communication, by Mark Twain. ... jay get stuck for a
word.")
(syn, 4 sen: "You will now hear a few pages from
Steinbeck's ... Nothing has worked.")
Commercial cassette, fair quality
1971 Mattingly, I.G., "Synthesis by rule as a tool for
phonological research", Language and Speech, 14, 47-56
(1971). (I)
1972 Gaitenby, J.H., G.N. Sholes, and G.M. Kuhn, "Word and phrase
stress by rule for a reading Machine," Status Report on
Speech Research, SR-29/30, Haskins Laboratories, New Haven
CT, 105-110 (1972). (K) Also: Conference Record, Conf. on
Speech Commun. and Proc., Newton MA, 24-26, Paper A4, April
1972.
SSSHP 66.19 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
("S-19", 5 sen: "This is the voice ...", words, phrases,
12 sen)
7"reel
1973 Nye, P.W., and J.H. Gaitenby, "Consonant intelligibility in
synthetic speech and in a natural speech control (Modified
Rhyme Test results)," Status Report on Speech Research,
SR-33, Haskins Laboratories, 77-91, (1973). Examples of
Modified Rhyme Test stimuli.
SSSHP 66.20 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 8 test sentences: "Please mark the word ...
mark the word, dust.")
7"reel, good quality
Cooper, F.S., J.H. Gaitenby, I.G. Mattingly, P.W. Nye, and
G.N. Sholes, "Audible outputs of reading machines for the
blind," Status Report on Speech Research SR-35/36, Haskins
Laboratories, New Haven CT, 117-120 (1973). Mattingly rules,
letter-to-sound rules, 140,000-word Kenyon and Knott
phonemic dictionary from June Shoup of SCRL. (K)
Nye, P., J. Hankins, T. Rand, I. Mattingly, and F. Cooper,
"A plan for the field evaluation of an automated reading
system for the blind," IEEE Trans. Audio and Electro., AU-21,
265-268 (1973). (K) The tape recording is "An extract from
"Risks Records and Rescues" -- a passage about tunnel
building synthesized by means of an alphabetically spelled
input text automatically converted into phonetic form by
means of a modified Kenyon and Knott dictionary obtained
from the SCRL (see SSSHP USA Speech Communication Research
Laboratory file), and then synthesized using the Mattingly
rules." (PWN)
SSSHP 66.21 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 30 sen, 4:55 min: "Just as a plan to climb ...
danger and death are always lurking.")
7"reel, good quality
1974 Nye, P., and J. Gaitenby, "The intelligibility of synthetic
monosyllable words in short, syntactically normal sentences,"
Status Report on Speech Research SR-37/38, Haskins
Laboratories, New Haven CT, 169-190 (1974). Haskins
Anomalous sentences. (K)
SSSHP 66.22 Tape: "Smithsonian Speech Synthesis Project,
#808, Haskins Laboratories, Dr. Patrick W. Nye"
(syn, 7 sen:"The wrong shot led the farm....
The rich paint said the land.")
7"reel, good quality
1978 Ingemann, F., "Speech synthesis by rule using the FOVE
Program," Status Report on Speech Research SR-54, Haskins
Laboratories, New Haven CT, 165-173 (1978). Synthesis using
a copy of the hardware synthesizer OVE-III (see SSSHP Sweden
RIT file.) (K)
1980 "Early in the 80s Haskins gave up hardware synthesis.
Software synthesizers at Haskins since then include SYN, a
serial/parallel software synthesizer; ASY and CASY,
articulatory synthesizers, and SWS, a sine-wave synthesizer."
(communication from Ignatius G. Mattingly, 4/26/99, SSSHP
USA Haskins file)
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BIOGRAPHIES
ARTHUR S. ABRAMSON
1949 B.A. from Yeshiva University
1951 M.A. from Columbia University
1958 Ph.D. in linguistics, Columbia University
1959 Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
THOMAS BAER
1969 B.S & M.S. in electrical engineering, Mass. Inst. Tech
1975 Ph.D. in electrical engineering, Mass. Inst. Tech
1976 Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
1989 Resigned
JOHN M. BORST
1920 Graduated Engineering College, Delft
1946 Haskins Laboratories, Engineer
1965 Retired
1990 Deceased
FRANKLIN S. COOPER
1931 B.S. in Engr. physics from Univ of Illinois, Urbana
1936 Ph.D. in physics from Mass. Inst. Tech, Cambridge, MA
General Elect Co.
1939 Haskins Laboratories, Assoc. Research Director
1955 President and Research Director
1975 Retired
1999 Deceased, Palo Alto, CA
PIERRE C. DELATTRE*
1931 M.A. from University of Paris
1934-41 Wayne University, Detroit
1941-57 Director, Remedial Phonetics, French Summer Program,
Middlebury College, Middlebury VT
1936 Ph.D. in linguistics, Univ. of Michigan
Institut de Phonetique, Sorbonne, Paris, France
1941 University of Oklahoma
1947 University of Pennsylvania, Romance languages
1950 Academic Associate, Haskins Laboratories
1953 Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder CO, Romance
Languages and French
1964 University of California at Santa Barbara CA, French and
Italian languages
1969 Deceased, Santa Barbara CA
* - From tape SSSHP 15: "Telephone Interviews - H. D. Maxey"
ROBERT EPSTEIN
no record available
JANE H. GAITENBY (Mrs. Joseph J. Newman)
1953 B.A. in anthropology from Hunter College, NY
1953-56 graduate work in linguistics and anthro., Columbia Univ.
1957 Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
1984 Deceased
LOUIS J. GERSTMAN
1949 B.A. from University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
1951 Haskins Laboratories, staff
1952 M.A. from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
1957 Ph.D. from New York Univ., New York, NY
1959 Resigned
MARK P. HAGGARD (see SSSHP UK Univ. of Cambridge page)
KATHERINE S. HARRIS
1947 B.A. from Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA
1952 Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
1954 Ph.D. in psychology from Radcliffe and Harvard
1966 Vice President
FRANCES INGEMANN
1949 B.A. from New Jersey State Teachers College, Montclair
1950 M.A. from Columbia University, New York, NY
1956 Ph.D. in linguistics, Indiana Univ., Bloomington
Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
1959 Resigned
GARY M. KUHN
1968 B.A. from Saint Lawrence Univ., Canton, NY
1969 M.A. from Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT/Sorbonne
1970 Haskins Laboratories, Research Assistant
1977 Resigned to take up post at IDA
1978 Ph.D. in psychology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
ALVIN M. LIBERMAN
1936 A.B. from University of Missouri, Columbia
1939 M.A. from University of Missouri, Columbia
1942 Ph.D. in psychology, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT
1944 Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
1975 President and Research Director
1966 Senior Vice President
LEIGH LISKER
1938 B.A. from University of Pennsylvania
1944 M.A. University of Pennsylvania
1949 Ph.D. in linguistics, Univ. of Pennsylvania
1953 Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
IGNATIUS G. MATTINGLY
1947 B.A. in English, Yale University, New Haven, CT
1951-66 Analyst, National Security Agency, U.S.A.
1959 M.A. in linguistics, Harvard University
1963-64 Guest Researcher, Joint Speech Research Unit, Eastcote, U.K.
1966 Haskins Laboratories and Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs
1968 Ph.D. in English, Yale University
1996 Retired from Yale University
PAUL MERMELSTEIN
1959 B. Eng. from McGill University, Montreal, P.Q.
1964 M.Sc. & D.Sc. in electrical engineering, Mass. Inst. Tech.
1964-73 Bell Telephone Laboratories, New Jersey
1973 Research staff, Haskins Laboratories
1977 Mgr., Speech Comm. Systems, Bell-Northern Research, Montreal
PATRICK W. NYE
1958 B.Sc. from Reading University
1962 Ph.D. in physics, Reading University
1962-71 National Physics Lab., UK; California Inst. Tech.
1971 Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
1975 Associate Director of Research
PHILIP E. RUBIN
1967 B.A. from Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
1971 M.A. from University of Connecticut, Storrs
1975 Ph.D. in psychology, Univ. of Connecticut
1976 Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
DONALD P. SHANKWEILER
1956 B.A. from Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH
1960 M.A. & Ph.D. in psychology, Univ. of Iowa
1962-64 McGill University, Montreal, P.Q.
1964 University of Connecticut
1965 Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
GEORGE N. SHOLES
1949 B.A. from Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
1952 M.A. from Middlebury College
1958 Ph.D. in linguistics, Indiana University, Bloomington
Haskins Laboratories, Research staff
1977 Resigned
MICHAEL G. STUDDERT-KENNEDY
1951 B.A. in classics, Jesus College, Cambridge Univ.
1957 Ph.D. in psychology, Columbia Univ., New York, NY
1961 Haskins Laboratories, Academic Associate
1986 President and Research Director
NORIKO UMEDA (see SSSHP JAPAN Electrotechnical Laboratory page)
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CONTRIBUTIONS AND REVIEW BY:
Dr. Patrick W. Nye (history and tape recordings)
Dr. Franklin S. Cooper (history, SSSHP Advisor)
Haskins Laboratories
270 Crown Street
New Haven, CT 06511
(Quoted material "PWN" is from a personal communication from
P.W. Nye to H.D. Maxey 8/1/89. See SSSHP USA Haskins Laboratories
file.)
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