ILLUSTRATIONS |
Figures |
1 |
Steps in converting text to speech |
2 |
Block diagram of sentence generation process |
3 |
Successive stages of transformation of "Joe ate his soup" |
4 |
Chart of historical development of text-to-speech systems |
5 |
The Voder speech synthesizer (1939) |
6 |
The Haskins Pattern Playback (1951) |
7 |
The OVE-II speech synthesizer (1962) |
8 |
The Holmes parallel formant synthesizer (1973) |
9 |
Spectrograms of natural utterance and synthetic imitation (1973) |
10 |
Comparison of voicing waveforms |
11 |
Selected spectra of Klattalk voicing source |
12 |
Block diagram of Klattalk synthesizer (1980) |
13 |
Magnitude spectrum of aspiration noise |
14 |
The DAVO articulatory synthesizer (1958) |
15 |
Spectrograms identifying the "hub" of /b/ (1947) |
16 |
Illustration of the locus theory (1955) |
17 |
Pattern Playback patterns for plosives and nasals |
18 |
Spectrograms of English vowel-consonant-vowels |
19 |
Locus theory specification of formant motions (1964) |
20 |
Plot of measured onset frequencies of formant transitions (1979) |
21 |
Linear prediction spectra of plosive bursts (1979) |
22 |
Articulation-based vocal tract synthesizer (1976) |
23 |
Spectrograms of diphone juxtaposition |
24 |
Spectrograms of concatenated words vs words in sentence |
25 |
Example fundamental frequency "hat pattern" |
26 |
Klattalk fo contour for a sentence |
27 |
Spectrograms of allophonic variations of /t/ |
28 |
Model of formant transitions for [bId] |
29 |
Formant transitions for vowel-/g/-vowels |
30 |
Flowchart of text analysis |
31 |
History of text-to-phoneme algorithms |
32 |
Frequency analysis of million-word corpus |
33 |
Electronic hardware for DECtalk (1983) |
34 |
Critical-band spectra of vowel-pairs |
|
Tables |
1 |
Physical and subjective components of sentence prosody |
2 |
Duration rules proposed by Klatt (1979a) |
3 |
Two-character representations for selected allophones in Klattalk |
4 |
Representations for phonemes in DECtalk |
5 |
Representations for stress and syntactic symbols in DECtalk |
6 |
Techniques for evaluating text-to-speech systems |
7 |
Performance tests using the modified rhyme test |
8 |
Consonant intelligibility in nonsense syllables, LPC encoding |
9 |
Word intelligibility of text-to-speech systems |
10 |
Word intelligibility of inexpensive text-to-speech systems |
11 |
Listening comprehension performance of text-to-speech systems |
12 |
Commercial applications for text-to-speech |
13 |
Research issues for improving text-to-speech systems |
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