TABLE II. Duration rules proposed by Klatt (1979a).
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| 1. | PAUSE INSERTION RULE:
Insert a brief pause before each sentence-internal main clause and
at other boundaries delimited by an orthographic comma
(Goldman-Eisler, 1968; Cooper et al., 1978).
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| 2. | CLAUSE-FINAL LENGTHENING:
The vowel or syllabic consonant in the syllable just before a pause
is lengthened (Gaitenby, 1965). Any consonants in the rhyme (between
this vowel and the pause) are also lengthened (Oller, 1973;
Klatt, 1975a).
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| 3. | PHRASE-FINAL LENGTHENING:
Syllabic segments (vowels and syllabic consonants) are lengthened if
in a phrase-final syllable (Klatt, 1975a). Durational increases at the
noun-phrase/verb-phrase boundary are more likely in complex noun phrase
or when subject-verb-object order is violated; durational changes are
much less likely for pronouns (Harris et al., 1981). The lengthening
is perceptually important (Lehiste et al., 1976; Umeda and
Quinn, 1981).
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| 4. | NON-WORD-FINAL SHORTENING:
Syllabic segments are shortened slightly if not in a word-final syllable
(Oller, 1973). [This rule is disputed by Umeda (1975).]
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| 5. | POLYSYLLABIC SHORTENING:
Syllabic segments in a polysyllabic word are shortened slightly
(Lehiste, 1975a). [This rule is also disputed by Umeda (1975).]
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| 6. | NON-INITIAL-CONSONANT
SHORTENING: Consonants in non-word-initial position are shortened
(Klatt, 1974; Umeda, 1977).
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| 7. | UNSTRESSED SHORTENING:
Unstressed segments are shorter and more compressible than stressed
segments (Fry, 1958; Umeda, 1975, 1977; Lehiste, 1975a).
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| 8. | LENGTHENING FOR
EMPHASIS: An emphasized vowel is significantly lengthened (Bolinger,
1972; Umeda, 1975).
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| 9. | POSTVOCALIC CONTEXT
OF VOWELS: The influence of a postvocalic consonant (in the same word)
on the duration of a vowel is such as to shorten the vowel if the
consonant is voiceless (House and Fairbanks, 1953; Peterson and
Lehiste, 1960). The effects are greatest at phrase and clause
boundaries (Klatt, 1975a).
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| 10. | SHORTENING IN
CLUSTERS: Segments are shortened in consonant-consonant sequences
(disregarding word boundaries, but not across phrase boundaries)
(Klatt, 1973a; Haggard, 1973).
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| 11. | LENGTHENING DUE
TO PLOSIVE ASPIRATION: A stressed vowel or sonorant preceded by a
voiceless plosive is lengthened (Peterson and Lehiste, 1960).
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