ALL COUNTRIES - EARLY LABORATORIES (before 1922)

HISTORIES

This page is included in the SSSHP for the benefit of readers who
are interested in early mechanical models that produced artificial
speech, although there are no additional records included in the
SSSHP collection. The following list of sources comes from the 
three speech synthesis history papers (denoted B, I, and K) used
as a starting basis for the SSSHP.

The "1922" date was the start of the use of electrical methods of
speech synthesis which led to electronic methods in the late 1930s
(see SSSHP USA BTL, "Development of Techniques".)

1972 Flanagan, J.L., SPEECH ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS AND PERCEPTION,
     Springer-Verlag, New York (1972). (K)

1976 Flanagan, J.L., "Computers that talk and listen: man-machine
     communication by voice," Proc. IEEE 64, 405-415 (1976). (K)

1981 Flanagan, J.L., "Synthesis and recognition of speech: how
     computers talk," Bell Lab. Record, April, 123-130 (1981). (K)


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PROJECT: MECHANICAL SPEAKING MACHINES (1791 -	  )


Bellows operated mechanical speech synthesizer by Wolfgang von
Kempelen in Vienna, Austria,  after twenty years of research.
Reconstruction in museum in Munich?


1791 Kempelen, W. R. v., "Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache
     nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine", J.B.
     Degen, Wien, 1791. (I)


     Examples ("Leopoldus Secundus", "vous etes mon ami")


     Dudley, H., and T.H. Tarnoczy, "The speaking machine of
     Wolfgang von Kempelen", J. Acoust. Soc. of Amer, 22,
     151-166, (1950). (I)


     Flanagan, J.L., "Voices of Men and Machines", J. Acoust.
     Soc. Amer., 51, 1375-1387 (1972). (B)


     Lienard, J.S., "La machine parlante de Kempelen", Bulletin du
     Groupe d'Acoustique Musicale, Faculte des Sciences, 8 Rue
     Cuvier Paris 5th, No 34, 25 pp, March 1968. In French. A
     detailed discussion of von Kempelen's first two speaking
     machines, capabilities of the second model with sonagraphic
     analysis of speech from the reconstruction.



Early speaking heads of Gerbert (d. 1003), Albertus Magnus
(1198-1280), and Roger Bacon (1214-1294). Synthesis of vowel
sounds. Reconstruction of von Kempelen speaking machine.


1837 Wheatstone, C., "Review of 'On the Vowel Sounds', by Robert
     Willis, 'Le Mecanisme de parlole', by Wolfgang von Kempelen,
     and 'Tentamen coronatum de voce', by C. G. Kratzenstein",
     London & Westminster Rev. 6 and 28.27-28.41 (1937).  (I)

     A few isolated words on Wheatstone speaking machine

     Paget, R. HUMAN SPEECH, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London,
     19 (1930). (I)



M. Faber's EUPHONIA, Manually operated mechanical speech
synthesizer, variable pitch.


1879 Gariel, [?], "Machine parlante de M. Faber", J. Physique
     Theorique et Appliquee 8, 274-275 (1879). (I)

     Examples (song: "God Save the Queen" )



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BIOGRAPHIES




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